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Inversions of class and gender roles inspired by pre-Lenten Renaissance carnivals. The literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin's interpretation of the carnivalesque comedy of the marketplace in François Rabelais's sixteenth-century works Gargantua and Pantagruel. How everyday jests allowed English Renaissance women to mock and temporarily reverse roles with men. Eighteenth-century British public masquerades, in which classes mingled and reversed roles through costume.
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