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Brazilian cinema from the Vera Cruz Studio films of the 1940s and 1950s to authentic portrait films attempted in the late 1950s to the later realist films that sought to explore Brazil's national identity and react against Hollywood influences. The harsh realities of Rio de Janeiro's favelas (shanty towns) in Carlos Diegues's 1998 Orfeu and how the film is a response to Marcel Camus's romanticized French film Black Orpheus. Depictions of the unrealistic expectations and misadventures of a naive heroine in Suzana Amaral's 1986 movie The Hour of the Star, based on Clarice Lispector's short novel. Pilgrimage, faith in flawed human beings, and redemption through relationships in Walter Salles's 1998 Central Station.
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